Benchmark Results

Generated: 2026-04-08 20:10:03 +02:00

System Information:

• CPU: AMD Ryzen 9 7950X 16-Core Processor (32 cores)
• Total Memory: 93.45 GB
• OS: Linux 26.05 NixOS

Benchmark Parameters:

• Warmup runs: 5
• Measurement runs: 10

Note: Keel is in early alpha stage. No performance optimizations have been applied yet. These benchmarks represent baseline performance and are expected to improve significantly in future releases.

Performance Comparison

Benchmark	R	julia	keel	python_pandas	python_polars	python_pypy	r_datatable	rust
01_list_operations	104.15 ± 1.63	0.09 ± 0.02	110.47 ± 2.35	290.29 ± 1.58	96.79 ± 0.72	0.06 ± 0.01	105.09 ± 0.97	0.51 ± 0.04
02_dataframe_io	588.09 ± 7.72	10.02 ± 6.17	42.00 ± 0.29	383.27 ± 1.50	112.11 ± 0.79	14.42 ± 1.26	459.72 ± 6.37	11.68 ± 0.12
03_string_operations	632.16 ± 3.93	157.16 ± 42.92	44.70 ± 0.37	408.81 ± 1.62	115.83 ± 1.33	187.92 ± 5.61	493.52 ± 25.78	39.72 ± 1.61
04_groupby_aggregation	522.38 ± 2.13	84.95 ± 27.64	36.64 ± 0.53	357.77 ± 1.49	109.70 ± 0.86	247.05 ± 13.76	162.41 ± 2.74	14.81 ± 0.22
05_dataframe_joins	521.55 ± 3.95	38.79 ± 25.15	33.71 ± 0.50	327.90 ± 1.58	107.44 ± 0.84	100.86 ± 4.13	161.42 ± 2.06	11.66 ± 0.43
06_json_parsing	919.71 ± 4.41	61.36 ± 35.69	57.99 ± 1.26	369.60 ± 1.96	126.08 ± 0.75	19.97 ± 2.05	858.06 ± 10.58	28.67 ± 1.14
07_window_functions	642.43 ± 3.01	38.59 ± 26.41	32.48 ± 0.53	316.12 ± 1.70	105.46 ± 0.80	63.68 ± 1.03	160.15 ± 3.29	6.19 ± 0.18
08_missing_data	583.54 ± 3.26	187.92 ± 43.84	33.63 ± 0.44	346.95 ± 1.93	112.01 ± 0.95	460.96 ± 19.35	191.01 ± 3.11	17.42 ± 0.68
09_csv_parsing	424.26 ± 3.70	192.36 ± 41.05	34.02 ± 0.38	419.82 ± 2.38	111.18 ± 0.83	378.37 ± 8.02	161.80 ± 1.46	13.59 ± 0.72
10_numeric_computations	221.70 ± 1.96	101.51 ± 41.50	50.20 ± 0.97	426.15 ± 27.96	196.90 ± 2.25	580.96 ± 2.77	229.68 ± 4.20	28.84 ± 1.55
11_categorical_data	579.94 ± 3.95	80.43 ± 29.26	37.51 ± 0.82	346.21 ± 3.82	115.12 ± 0.63	271.19 ± 8.68	172.20 ± 2.16	13.49 ± 0.39
12_pivot_reshape	544.72 ± 16.33	16.34 ± 1.36	26.36 ± 0.29	326.60 ± 3.02	111.19 ± 0.73	98.76 ± 10.03	165.91 ± 2.41	5.48 ± 0.11
13_datetime_operations	785.44 ± 3.50	19.34 ± 3.83	31.53 ± 0.32	393.47 ± 5.36	120.29 ± 1.03	427.87 ± 3.45	181.15 ± 2.33	29.78 ± 1.54

Warmup Times (ms)

Benchmark	R	julia	keel	python_pandas	python_polars	python_pypy	r_datatable	rust
01_list_operations	104.27	0.01	111.80	287.40	95.44	0.34	107.45	0.56
02_dataframe_io	594.39	1696.37	42.24	386.83	112.57	16.66	462.14	11.68
03_string_operations	638.08	450.11	45.00	405.73	114.50	193.22	481.66	38.84
04_groupby_aggregation	520.80	611.47	36.43	359.46	109.53	256.27	161.65	14.65
05_dataframe_joins	523.23	473.42	32.92	329.95	107.02	102.99	165.73	11.56
06_json_parsing	914.16	112.58	56.37	400.11	127.08	25.98	846.92	30.42
07_window_functions	643.09	547.19	32.38	316.67	105.08	66.37	160.03	5.97
08_missing_data	580.15	516.67	33.49	345.01	110.67	454.68	189.05	17.99
09_csv_parsing	428.57	444.27	34.32	422.16	109.08	388.62	165.39	12.91
10_numeric_computations	222.55	108.04	50.07	536.85	218.23	583.59	230.94	28.65
11_categorical_data	578.56	1007.26	38.35	376.27	117.09	281.08	174.91	13.16
12_pivot_reshape	532.34	452.08	26.92	323.30	113.13	102.99	165.82	5.85
13_datetime_operations	799.67	323.99	31.43	394.73	120.64	474.97	184.01	30.55

Summary

Language	Avg Runtime (ms)	Fastest Benchmarks
R	543.85	0
julia	76.07	2
keel	43.94	0
python_pandas	362.54	0
python_polars	118.47	0
python_pypy	219.39	2
r_datatable	269.39	0
rust	17.07	9